• Coding in HTML
  • Unicode
  • Representation of Glyphs
• ASCII characters
  • Reserved characters
• Other characters
  • Diacritical characters (Latin 1)
  • Greek characters
  • Special symbols
  • Box Drawing symbols

Coding in HTML

Standard characters for HTML are in the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII, a very old and very common standard, see below).  This is a 7-bit code (0··127) where the first 32 codes are so-called control codes;  they include codes like carriage return, line feed, horizontal tab and do not represent a symbol (i.e. 'not printable'), so they are ignored by HTML.  This leaves 96 codes denoting digits, upper- and lowercase letters and some symbols like comma, point, parenthesis, equal sign, etc. 
Apart from using the ASCII-code straightforward (i.e. letters & digits), one may use

	&'value';
where 'value' is either:
	#decimal_number,
	#xhexadecimal_number,
or	character_name.

The methods using numbers are also known as Numerical Character Reference (NCR). Obviously, the variant with character_name is more suited for human use, but all methods should work.

The above coding method is in fact the only way to correctly denote some HTML reserved characters ('&', '<', '>') in the ASCII-set as these characters are also used in the HTML-syntax, and the advised way to denote the extensions to the character set (e.g. Latin 1).  In practice, Latin 1 characters (like â, é, ü, ñ) can be used directly in HTML texts provided that the browser and computer are set appropriately (see Representation of Glyphs).

Other Characters
On nearly all computers, characters are stored in an 8-bit byte.  The ASCII-set is only 7-bit and leaves another 128 codes (128··255) for special characters.  That code space can be used in various ways;  in the past it was used for some country-dependant (i.e. not multi-national) symbols but nowadays it is used for multi-byte codes like ISO 8859 or like Unicode.

Notes:

• Probably not all symbols will be rendered by your browser.  Sometimes another font (selected through style definitions in the HTML page) may help.  This is typically the case for the Euro-sign (€), which is usually only available through default or generic fonts (e.g. 'serif').  Note that correct representation of symbols depends on their presence in the selected font on the local computer (see HTML_Fonts) !
• When using (old fashioned) single byte code, codes 128...255 may be dependant on the codepages loaded on the PC.  Use the Unicode or ISO 8895 variant or the symbolic name for the glyph.

Unicode

Unicode is a standard for the definition of all kinds of multi-lingual characters (symbols, 'glyphs', or 'graphemes' as Unicode calls them) like Greek and even Chinese characters, i.e. other letters and symbols than available in ASCII.  This is achieved through multi-byte codes.  However, due to compatibility requirements with various existing codes, there are multiple encodings which makes it quite confusing.
The coding presented here is the most common one:  UTF-8.  Be aware however that there are other codings.

UTF-8 is an extension to the ASCII character set and to ISO 8859-1 (representing the common diacritical extensions as used in Latin 1 containing characters like â, é, ü, ñ).  It encodes Unicode graphemes in 1··4 bytes, such that the old ASCII code still applies in a single byte. 

Coding scheme:

Range	Byte1	Byte2	Byte3	Byte4	Description
0 - 127	0xxxxxxx				ASCII (7-bit code)
128 - 2,047	110yyyxx	10xxxxxx			Latin diacritical characters, Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, … compatible with ISO 8895
2,048 - 65,535	1110yyyy	10yyyyxx	10xxxxxx		typically East Asian languages (Chinese, …)
65,536 - 1,114,111	11110zzz	10zzyyyy	10yyyyxx	10xxxxxx

The letter x in above scheme represents bits in the first byte in Unicode (not the encoding), the letter y bits in the second Unicode byte, and z bits in the rest.
Note that there are UTF-8 codes which are not valid (like 192-193).

Representation of Glyphs

To represent non-ASCII characters in a browser on a computer involves multiple steps:  the browser must know how to handle the HTML, and the computer must know the graphical representation.

• The HTML-page containing non-ASCII characters must indicate such through
  <META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-15"> in the header section, (or …charset=ISO-8859-1 or …charset=utf-8 but experience shows that charset=ISO-8859-15 currently provides the best results).
• The HTML-page must, when defining a font, select a font that is likely to support Unicode, or only use 'generic fonts' like 'serif' or 'sans-serif'.  This is implemented through a style(-sheet) definition like
  style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif" (as used in this page for the glyphs).
• The browser must be set to represent non-ASCII codes when no character set is defined:
  • MS IExplorer:  Page or View-menu > Encoding > Western (ISO) or UTF-8;
  • FireFox:  View-menu > Character encoding > Western (ISO-8859-15) or UTF-8;
• The browser must select a default font (i.e. when the page does not define a font) suitable for Unicode:
  • MS IExplorer:  Tools-menu > Internet options > General tab > (Appearance) Fonts-button > Language script: Latin based;  Webpage font: Arial Unicode MS for sans-serif, or (e.g.) Times New Roman (assuming that such a well-known font supports Unicode).
    Note that font definitions in a page can be overriden by Tools > Internet Options > General tab > Accessibility !
  • FireFox:  Tools-menu > Options… > Content tab > (Fonts&Colors) Default font: Times New Roman (assuming that such a wide-spread font supports Unicode), and Advanced-button > Fonts for: Western;  Proportional: Serif;  Serif: Times New Roman;  Sans-serif: Arial Unicode MS;  Monospace: Courier New;  Default Character Encoding: Western (ISO-8859-15).
    Note that you can force a page to use these setting by unticking 'Allow page to choose their own fonts'.
• Then of course, the computer must have the font to represent the particular glyph.  A potential problem is that the HTML may specify a font, and that that font is available on your computer but not with the ISO8895/UTF-8 extension.  Also, on old systems (<2000) Unicode is probably not available.
  Search the web for code2000.

ASCII characters

Reserved characters

Other characters

The special characters below are not ordered according to their numeric value, but grouped by their symbolic representation to ease look-up.

Diacritical characters

Latin 1 characters have values less than 256.  Non-latin characters have been ordered with their Latin 'look-alikes'.

À	192	Agrave	Capital A, grave accent	à	224	agrave	Small a, grave accent
Á	193	Aacute	Capital A, acute accent	á	225	aacute	Small a, acute accent
Â	194	Acirc	Capital A, circumflex accent	â	226	acirc	Small a, circumflex accent
Ã	195	Atilde	Capital A, tilde	ã	227	atilde	Small a, tilde
Ä	196	Auml	Capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark	ä	228	auml	Small a, dieresis or umlaut mark
Å	197	Aring	Capital A, ring	å	229	aring	Small a, ring
Æ	198	AElig	Capital AE dipthong (ligature)	æ	230	aelig	Small ae dipthong (ligature)
Ā	256			ā	257
Ă	258		Capital A with caron	ă	259		Small a with caron
Ą	260			ą	261
Ǎ	461			ǎ	462
Ǟ	478			ǟ	479
Ǡ	480			ǡ	481
Ǣ	482			ǣ	483
Ǻ	506			ǻ	507
Ǽ	508			ǽ	509
Ȁ	512			ȁ	513
Ȃ	514			ȃ	515
Ȧ	550			ȧ	551
Ɓ	385		B	ƀ	384
Ƃ	386			ƃ	387
Ƅ	388			ƅ	389
Ç	199	Ccedil	Capital C, cedilla	ç	231	ccedil	Small c, cedilla
Ć	262			ć	263
Ĉ	264			ĉ	265
Ċ	266			ċ	267
Č	268			č	269
Ɔ	390
Ƈ	391			ƈ	392
Ď	270		D	ď	271
Đ	272			đ	273
Ð	208	ETH	Capital Eth, Icelandic	ð	240	eth	Small eth, Icelandic
Ɖ	393
Ɗ	394
ƌ	396			Ƌ	395
DŽ	452			Dž	453
				dž	454
DZ	497			Dz	498
				dz	499
È	200	Egrave	Capital E, grave accent	è	232	egrave	Small e, grave accent
É	201	Eacute	Capital E, acute accent	é	233	eacute	Small e, acute accent
Ê	202	Ecirc	Capital E, circumflex accent	ê	234	ecirc	Small e, circumflex accent
Ë	203	Euml	Capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark	ë	235	euml	Small e, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ē	274			ē	275
Ĕ	276			ĕ	277
Ė	278			ė	279
Ę	280			ę	281
Ě	282			ě	283
Ǝ	398			Ə	399
Ɛ	400
Ȅ	516			ȅ	517
Ȇ	518			ȇ	519
Ȩ	552			ȩ	553
Ƒ	401		F	ƒ	402	fnof	florin
Ĝ	284		G	ĝ	285
Ğ	286			ğ	287
Ġ	288			ġ	289
Ģ	290			ģ	291
Ɠ	403			ʛ	667
Ǥ	484			ǥ	485
Ǧ	486			ǧ	487
Ǵ	500			ǵ	501
Ĥ	292		H	ĥ	293
Ħ	294			ħ	295
Ȟ	542			ȟ	543
Ì	204	Igrave	Capital I, grave accent	ì	236	igrave	Small i, grave accent
Í	205	Iacute	Capital I, acute accent	í	237	iacute	Small i, acute accent
Î	206	Icirc	Capital I, circumflex accent	î	238	icirc	Small i, circumflex accent
Ï	207	Iuml	Capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark	ï	239	iuml	Small i, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ĩ	296			ĩ	297
Ī	298			ī	299
Ĭ	300			ĭ	301
Į	302			į	303
İ	304			ı	305
IJ	306			ij	307
ĺ	314			ļ	316
ľ	318			ŀ	320
ł	322			ſ	383
Ǐ	463			ǐ	464
Ȉ	520			ȉ	521
Ȋ	522			ȋ	523
Ĵ	308		J	ĵ	309
ǰ	496
Ķ	310		K	ķ	311
Ƙ	408			ƙ	409
				ĸ	312		(see also Greek Kappa)
Ǩ	488			ǩ	489
Ĺ	313		L	Ļ	315
Ľ	317			Ŀ	319
Ł	321			lj	457
LJ	455			Lj	456
Ñ	209	Ntilde	Capital N, tilde	ñ	241	ntilde	Small n, tilde
Ń	323			ń	324
Ņ	325			ņ	326
Ň	327			ň	328
				ʼn	329
Ŋ	330			ŋ	331
Ɲ	413			ƞ	414
Ǹ	504			ǹ	505
NJ	458			Nj	459
				nj	460
Ò	210	Ograve	Capital O, grave accent	ò	242	ograve	Small o, grave accent
Ó	211	Oacute	Capital O, acute accent	ó	243	oacute	Small o, acute accent
Ô	212	Ocirc	Capital O, circumflex accent	ô	244	ocirc	Small o, circumflex accent
Õ	213	Otilde	Capital O, tilde	õ	245	otilde	Small o, tilde
Ö	214	Ouml	Capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark	ö	246	ouml	Small o, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ø	216	Oslash	Capital O, slash	ø	248	oslash	Small o, slash
Œ	338	OElig	Latin capital ligature OE	œ	339	oelig	Latin small ligature oe
Ō	332			ō	333
Ŏ	334			ŏ	335
Ő	336			ő	337
Ơ	416			ơ	417
Ƣ	418			ƣ	419
Ǒ	465			ǒ	466
Ǫ	490			ǫ	491
Ǭ	492			ǭ	493
Ǿ	510			ǿ	511
Ȍ	524			ȍ	525
Ȏ	526			ȏ	527
Ȫ	554			ȫ	555
Ȭ	556			ȭ	557
Ȯ	558			ȯ	559
Ȱ	560			ȱ	561
Ƥ	420		P	ƥ	421
Ŕ	340		R	ŕ	341
Ŗ	342			ŗ	343
Ř	344			ř	345
Ȑ	528			ȑ	529
Ȓ	530			ȓ	531
Ʀ	422
ʀ	640			ʁ	641
Š	352	Scaron	Latin capital letter S with caron	š	353	scaron	Latin small letter s with caron
Ś	346			ś	347
Ŝ	348			ŝ	349
Ş	350			ş	351
ß	223	szlig	Small sharp s, German sz-ligature (see also Greek Beta)
Ƨ	423			ƨ	424
Ș	536			ș	537
Þ	222	THORN	Capital THORN, Icelandic	þ	254	thorn	Small thorn, Icelandic
Ţ	354			ţ	355
Ţ	354			ţ	355
Ť	356			ť	357
Ŧ	358			ŧ	359
Ț	538			ț	539
Ʈ	430			ƭ	429
Ƭ	428			ƫ	427
Ù	217	Ugrave	Capital U, grave accent	ù	249	ugrave	Small u, grave accent
Ú	218	Uacute	Capital U, acute accent	ú	250	uacute	Small u, acute accent
Û	219	Ucirc	Capital U, circumflex accent	û	251	ucirc	Small u, circumflex accent
Ü	220	Uuml	Capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark	ü	252	uuml	Small u, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ũ	360			ũ	361
Ū	362			ū	363
Ŭ	364			ŭ	365
Ů	366			ů	367
Ű	368			ű	369
Ų	370			ų	371
Ư	431			ư	432
Ǔ	467			ǔ	468
Ǖ	469			ǖ	470
Ǘ	471			ǘ	472
Ǚ	473			ǚ	474
Ǜ	475			ǜ	476
Ȕ	532			ȕ	533
Ȗ	534			ȗ	535
Ŵ	372		W	ŵ	373
Ý	221	Yacute	Capital Y, acute accent	ý	253	yacute	Small y, acute accent
Ÿ	376	Yuml	Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis	ÿ	255	yuml	Small y, dieresis or umlaut mark
Ŷ	374			ŷ	375
Ȳ	562			ȳ	563
Ɣ	404
ƴ	436			Ƴ	435
Ż	379		Z	ż	380
Ž	381			ž	382
Ź	377			ź	378
Ƶ	437			ƶ	438
Ȥ	548			ȥ	549

Note:  Codes 128··159 are often used (in particular on Windows systems) but form a representational problem (e.g. on other systems like Unix or Mac).

Greek symbols

These are Greek symbols, also used in mathematical notations.

Α	913	Alpha	Capital alpha	α	945	alpha	Small alpha
Β	914	Beta	Capital beta	β	946	beta	Small beta
Γ	915	Gamma	Capital gamma	γ	947	gamma	Small gamma
Δ	916	Delta	Capital delta	δ	948	delta	Small delta
Ε	917	Epsilon	Capital epsilon	ε	949	epsilon	Small epsilon
Ζ	918	Zeta	Capital zeta	ζ	950	zeta	Small zeta
Η	919	Eta	Capital eta	η	951	eta	Small eta
Θ	920	Theta	Capital theta	θ	952	theta	Small theta
				ϑ	977	thetasym	Small theta symbol
Ι	921	Iota	Capital iota	ι	953	iota	Small iota
Κ	922	Kappa	Capital kappa	κ	954	kappa	Small kappa
Λ	923	Lambda	Capital lambda	λ	955	lambda	Small lambda
Μ	924	Mu	Capital mu	μ	956	mu	Small mu
				µ	181	micro	Micro sign
Ν	925	Nu	Capital nu	ν	957	nu	Small nu
Ξ	926	Xi	Capital xi	ξ	958	xi	Small xi
Ο	927	Omicron	Capital omicron	ο	959	omicron	Small omicron
Π	928	Pi	Capital pi	π	960	pi	Small pi
				ϖ	982	piv	Pi symbol
Ρ	929	Rho	Capital rho	ρ	961	rho	Small rho
Σ	931	Sigma	Capital sigma	ς	962	sigmaf	Small final sigma
				σ	963	sigma	Small sigma
Τ	932	Tau	Capital tau	τ	964	tau	Small tau
Υ	933	Upsilon	Capital upsilon	υ	965	upsilon	Small upsilon
				ϒ	978	upsih	Upsilon with hook symbol
Φ	934	Phi	Capital phi	φ	966	phi	Small phi
Χ	935	Chi	Capital chi	χ	967	chi	Small chi
Ψ	936	Psi	Capital psi	ψ	968	psi	Small psi
Ω	937	Omega	Capital omega	ω	969	omega	Small omega

Special Symbols

Box Drawing Symbols

┌─┬┐
│ ││
├─┼┤
└─┴┘

9484 9472 9516 9488
9474      9474 9474
9500 9472 9532 9508
9492 9472 9524 9496

=O=